What does it mean to ratify? What is bicameral mean?

Legislature with ii chambers

Bicameralism is a blazon of legislature, one divided into two carve up assemblies, chambers, or houses, known equally a bicameral legislature. Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote as a unmarried group. Equally of 2015^[update], about 40% of world's national legislatures are bicameral, and about lx% are unicameral.^[i]

Often, the members of the 2 chambers are elected or selected by unlike methods, which vary from state to state. This can often lead to the ii chambers having very dissimilar compositions of members.

Enactment of primary legislation often requires a concurrent bulk—the blessing of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. When this is the case, the legislature may be called an case of perfect bicameralism. However, in many parliamentary and semi-presidential systems, the firm to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house and may be regarded as an example of imperfect bicameralism. Some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house able to overrule the other only under certain circumstances.

History of bicameral legislatures [edit]

The British Parliament is ofttimes referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (in fact a misquotation of John Bright, who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the British Parliament has been the model for almost other parliamentary systems, and its Acts accept created many other parliaments.^[2] The origins of British bicameralism can be traced to 1341, when the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the start time, creating what was finer an Upper Sleeping room and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. This Upper Chamber became known as the House of Lords from 1544 onward, and the Lower Sleeping room became known as the House of Commons, collectively known every bit the Houses of Parliament.

Many nations with parliaments accept to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model. Nearly countries in Europe and the Democracy have similarly organised parliaments with a largely formalism caput of country who formally opens and closes parliament, a big elected lower house, and (unlike Britain) a smaller upper house.^{[three] [four]}

The Founding Fathers of the United States also favoured a bicameral legislature. The thought was to have the Senate exist wealthier and wiser. Benjamin Rush saw this though, and noted that "this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence". The Senate was created to exist a stabilising forcefulness, not elected past mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more deliberate—a sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what James Madison saw as the "fickleness and passion" that could blot the House.^[v]

He noted farther that "The use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more than system and with more wisdom, than the popular co-operative." Madison's argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in strange policy, an expanse where steadiness, discretion, and caution were deemed especially of import.^[5] Country legislators chose the Senate, and senators had to possess significant property to be deemed worthy and sensible plenty for the position. In 1913, the 17th Subpoena passed, which mandated choosing Senators past popular vote rather than State legislatures.^[5]

As part of the Keen Compromise, the Founding Fathers invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate had an equal number of delegates per state, and the Business firm had representatives by relative populations.

Rationale for bicameralism and criticism [edit]

A formidable sinister interest may always obtain the consummate command of a ascendant assembly past some chance and for a moment, and it is therefore of great use to accept a second bedchamber of an opposite sort, differently composed, in which that interest in all likelihood will not rule.

—Walter Bagehot, "The English Constitution", in Norman St John-Stevas, ed., The Nerveless Works of Walter Bagehot, London, The Economist, vol. v, pp. 273–274.

At that place accept been a number of rationales put forrad in favour of bicameralism. Federal states accept frequently adopted it, and the solution remains popular when regional differences or sensitivities require more explicit representation, with the second chamber representing the constituent states. Nevertheless, the older justification for second chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts about legislation—has survived.^{[ citation needed ]} For states considering a different constitutional system that may shift power to new groupings, bicameralism could be demanded by currently hegemonic groups who would otherwise prevent any structural shift (e.thou. military dictatorships, aristocracies).

The growing sensation of the complexity of the notion of representation and the multi-functional nature of mod legislatures may be affording incipient new rationales for second chambers, though these do by and large remain contested institutions in means that first chambers are non. An case of political controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the Senate of Canada or the election of the Senate of France.^{[half dozen]}

The relationship betwixt the 2 chambers varies: in some cases, they have equal power, while in others, i chamber is conspicuously superior in its powers. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments. The second tends to exist the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems. There are two streams of thought: critics believe bicameralism makes meaningful political reforms more than difficult to reach and increases the gamble of gridlock—particularly in cases where both chambers have similar powers—while proponents fence the claim of the "checks and balances" provided by the bicameral model, which they believe help preclude ill-considered legislation.

Communication between houses [edit]

Formal communication betwixt houses is by various methods, including:^[vii]

Sending messages

Formal notices, such as of resolutions or the passing of bills, usually done in writing, via the clerk and speaker of each house.

Manual

of bills or subpoena to bills requiring understanding from the other house.

Joint session

a plenary session of both houses at the same time and place.

Joint committees

which may exist formed by committees of each house agreeing to join, or by joint resolution of each business firm. The United States Congress has briefing committees to resolve discrepancies between House and Senate versions of a beak, similar to "Conferences" in Westminster parliaments.

Conferences

Conferences of the Houses of the English language (later British) Parliament met in the Painted Sleeping accommodation of the Palace of Westminster.^[viii] Historically there were two distinct types: "ordinary" and "costless". The British Parliament concluding held an ordinary briefing in 1860—its elaborate procedure yielding to the simpler sending of letters. A free conference resolves a dispute through "managers" meeting less formally in private. The last free conference at Westminster was in 1836 on an amendment to the Municipal Corporations Deed 1835;^[9] the previous one had been in 1740—with not much more success than ordinary conferences, the gratuitous blazon yielded to the greater transparency of messages.^[10] In the Parliament of Commonwealth of australia there accept been two formal conferences, in 1930 and 1931, simply many informal conferences.^{[7] [11]} As of 2007^[update] the "Conference of Managers" remains the usual process for dispute resolution in the Parliament of South Commonwealth of australia.^[12] In the Parliament of New S Wales in 2011, the Legislative Assembly requested a gratis briefing with the Legislative Quango over a pecker on graffiti; after a year the Quango refused, describing the mechanism every bit archaic and inappropriate.^[eleven] The two houses of the Parliament of Canada take as well used conferences, merely not since 1947 (although they retain the option).

Examples of bicameralism at the national level [edit]

Federal [edit]

Some countries, such as Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Switzerland, and the United States, link their bicameral systems to their federal political construction.

In the United States, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Nepal for instance, each land or province is given the same number of seats in one of the houses of the legislature, despite variance between the populations of u.s.a. or provinces. This is intended to ensure that smaller states are non overshadowed past larger states, which may have more representation in the other house of the legislature.

Canada [edit]

Canada'southward elected lower house, the Business firm of Eatables, comprises Members of Parliament (MPs) from single-member "ridings" based mainly on population (updated every ten years using Census data). The Commons is democratically elected every 4 years (constitutionally upwardly to five years). In contrast, in Canada's upper firm, Senators are appointed to serve until age 75 by the Governor Full general on the advice of the Prime Minister.

The Government (i.e. executive) is responsible to and must maintain the confidence of the elected Firm of Commons. Although the two chambers formally have many of the same powers, this accountability clearly makes the Eatables ascendant—determining which party is in ability, approval its proposed upkeep and (largely) the laws enacted. The Senate primarily acts every bit a chamber of revision: it almost never rejects bills passed by the Commons but does regularly ameliorate them; such amendments respect each bill'southward purpose, so they are ordinarily adequate to the Commons. Occasionally, the ii houses cannot come to an understanding on an amendment, which results in rare instances of a key Authorities bill failing.^{[ commendation needed ]} The Senate'due south power to investigate bug of concern to Canada can raise their contour (sometimes sharply) on voters' political agendas.

Australia [edit]

The bicameral Parliament of Australia consists of two Houses: the lower business firm is called the House of Representatives and the upper firm is named the Senate. Equally of 31 August 2017^[13], the lower house has 151 members, each elected from single-fellow member constituencies, known as balloter divisions (commonly referred to as "electorates" or "seats") using full-preference instant-runoff voting. This tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major groups, the Liberal/National Coalition and the Labor Party. The regime of the mean solar day must achieve the confidence of this House to proceeds and concord power.

The upper house, the Senate, is too popularly elected, under the unmarried transferable vote system of proportional representation. In that location are a full of 76 senators: 12 senators are elected from each of the 6 Australian states (regardless of population) and 2 from each of the two autonomous internal territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). This makes the total number 76, i.e. 6×12 + 2×2.

Unlike upper houses in nigh Westminster parliamentary systems, the Australian Senate is vested with significant ability, including the capacity to block legislation initiated by the regime in the Firm of Representatives, making it a distinctive hybrid of British Westminster bicameralism and The states-way bicameralism. Equally a upshot of proportional representation, the bedchamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party or coalition, which must maintain the confidence of the lower house, rarely has a majority in the Senate and usually needs to negotiate with other parties and Independents to get legislation passed.^[14]

Others [edit]

In German, Indian, and Pakistani systems, the upper houses (the Bundesrat, the Rajya Sabha, and the Senate respectively) are even more closely linked with the federal organisation, being appointed or elected straight by the governments or legislatures of each German or Indian state, or Pakistani province. This was besides the case in the U.s. before the Seventeenth Amendment was adopted. Considering of this coupling to the executive branch, German legal doctrine does non treat the Bundesrat every bit the second sleeping room of a bicameral system formally. Rather, information technology sees the Bundesrat and the Bundestag as independent constitutional bodies. Just the directly elected Bundestag is considered the parliament.^[fifteen] In the German Bundesrat, the various Länder accept between three and six votes; thus, while the less populated states have a lower weight, they still have a stronger voting power than would be the case in a organization based proportionately on population, equally the virtually populous Land currently has about 27 times the population of the least populous. The Indian upper firm does not take the states represented equally, just on the footing of their population.

There is besides bicameralism in countries that are not federations, just have upper houses with representation on a territorial basis. For example, in Due south Africa, the National Council of Provinces (and before 1997, the Senate) has its members chosen by each province's legislature.

In Spain, the Senate functions as a de facto territorially based upper business firm, and there has been some force per unit area from the Autonomous Communities to reform it into a strictly territorial chamber.

The European Union maintains a somewhat close to bicameral legislative system consisting of the European Parliament, which is elected in elections on the basis of universal suffrage, and the Council of the Eu, which consists of one representative for each authorities of fellow member countries, who are competent for a relevant field of legislation. Though the European union has a highly unusual character in terms of legislature, i could say that the closest signal of equivalency lies within bicameral legislatures.^[16] The European Matrimony is considered neither a country nor a state, but it enjoys the ability to address national Governments in many areas.

Aloof and post-aristocratic [edit]

In a few countries, bicameralism involves the juxtaposition of democratic and aristocratic elements.

Firm of Lords of the United kingdom [edit]

The House of Lords chamber

The best known example is the British House of Lords, which includes a number of hereditary peers. The House of Lords is a vestige of the aristocratic system that one time predominated in British politics, while the other house, the House of Eatables, is entirely elected. Over the years, some have proposed reforms to the House of Lords, some of which take been at least partly successful. The House of Lords Deed 1999 limited the number of hereditary peers (as opposed to life peers, appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister) to 92, downward from around 700. Of these 92, 1 is the Earl Marshal, a hereditary part always held by the Duke of Norfolk, one is the Lord Great Chamberlain, a hereditary office held past turns, currently by the Marquess of Cholmondeley, and the other 90 are elected by all sitting peers. Hereditary peers elected by the House to sit as representative peers sit down for life; when a representative peer dies, there is a by-ballot to fill the vacancy. The power of the Firm of Lords to cake legislation is curtailed by the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. Peers can introduce bills except Coin Bills, and all legislation must be passed by both Houses of Parliament. If non passed within two sessions, the House of Commons tin can override the Lords′ delay by invoking the Parliament Act. Certain legislation, however, must be canonical past both Houses without being forced by the Commons under the Parliament Act. These include any bill that would extend the fourth dimension length of a Parliament, private bills, bills sent to the House of Lords less than one month earlier the end of a session, and bills that originated in the House of Lords.

Life Peers are appointed either by recommendation of the Engagement Commission (the contained torso that vets not-partisan peers, typically from academia, business or civilization) or by Dissolution Honours, which take place at the stop of every Parliamentary term when leaving MPs may exist offered a seat to keep their institutional retentivity. It is traditional to offer a peerage to every outgoing Speaker of the House of Commons.^[17]

Further reform of the Lords has been proposed; even so, no proposed reforms have been able to achieve public consensus or government support. Members of the House of Lords all have an aristocratic championship, or are from the Clergy. 26 Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England sit as Lords Spiritual (the Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, the Bishop of London, the Bishop of Durham, the Bishop of Winchester and the next 21 longest-serving Bishops). It is usual that retiring Archbishops, and sure other Bishops, are appointed to the Crossbenches and given a life peerage.

Until 2009, 12 Lords of Appeal in Ordinary saturday in the House equally the highest court in the country; they subsequently became justices of the newly created Supreme Court of the U.k.. As of xvi February 2021, 803 people sit down in the House of Lords, with 92 Hereditary Peers, 26 Lords Spiritual and 685 Life Peers. Membership is not fixed and decreases simply on the death, retirement or resignation of a peer.

Japan's former Business firm of Peers [edit]

Another case of aristocratic bicameralism was the Japanese Business firm of Peers, abolished after World War II and replaced with the nowadays House of Councillors.

Unitary states [edit]

Some bicameral legislatures take chambers that meet in different buildings, at dissimilar parts of the metropolis. Here, France's upper business firm called the Senate meet in the Grand duchy of luxembourg Palace (summit), while the lower house, the National Associates, meets at the Palais Bourbon (bottom).

Many unitary states similar Italy, France, the netherlands, the Philippines, the Czech republic, the Ireland and Romania accept bicameral systems. In countries such as these, the upper house generally focuses on scrutinizing and maybe vetoing the decisions of the lower house.

Italian Parliament [edit]

On the other hand, in Italy the Parliament consists of two chambers that have the same function and power: the Senate (Senate of the Republic, commonly considered the upper house) and the Sleeping room of Deputies (considered the lower house). The primary difference amidst the two chambers is the way the 2 chambers are composed: the deputies, in fact, are elected on a nationwide basis, whilst the members of the Senate are elected on a regional basis: this may lead to different majorities among the two chambers considering, for example, a party may exist the first nationally but 2d or third in some regions. Considering that in the Italian Democracy the Authorities needs to win conviction votes in both the chambers, it may happen that a Government has a stiff bulk (usually) in the Chamber of Deputies and a weak one (or no bulk at all) in the Senate. This has led sometimes to legislative deadlocks, and has acquired instability in the Italian Government.^{[xviii] [19] [20]}

Indirectly elected Upper Houses (France, Ireland, Netherlands) [edit]

In some of these countries, the upper house is indirectly elected. Members of France's Senate and Ireland'southward Seanad Éireann are chosen by balloter colleges. In Ireland, it consists of members of the lower house, local councillors, the Taoiseach, and graduates of selected universities, while holland' Senate is chosen by members of provincial assemblies (who, in turn, are directly elected).

Semi-bicameral (Hong Kong, Northern Ireland; earlier in Kingdom of norway, the netherlands) [edit]

In Hong Kong, members of the unicameral Legislative Council returned from the democratically-elected geographical constituencies and partially democratic functional constituencies are required to vote separately since 1998 on motions, bills or amendments to government bills not introduced by the authorities. The passage of these motions, bills or amendments to government motions or bills requires double majority in both groups simultaneously. (Before 2004, when elections to the Legislative Council from the Election Committee was abolished, members returned through the Ballot Committee vote with members returned from geographical constituencies.) The double bulk requirement does not apply to motions, bills and amendments introduced by the authorities.

Some other similar state of affairs are cross-customs votes in Northern Ireland when the petition of concern procedure is invoked.

Norway had a kind of semi-bicameral legislature with two chambers, or departments, within the same elected body, the Storting. These were called the Odelsting and were abolished afterwards the general election of 2009. According to Morten Søberg, there was a related system in the 1798 constitution of the Batavian Republic.^[21]

Examples of bicameralism in subnational entities [edit]

In some countries with federal systems, individual states (like those of the U.s., Argentina, Australia and India) may also have bicameral legislatures. A few such states every bit Nebraska in the U.South., Queensland in Australia, Bavaria in Deutschland, and Tucumán and Córdoba in Argentine republic have after adopted unicameral systems. (Brazilian states and Canadian provinces all abolished upper houses).

Argentina [edit]

In the Argentine Commonwealth, eight provinces take bicameral legislatures, with a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies: Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis (since 1987) and Santa Fe. Tucumán and Córdoba changed to unicameral systems in 1990 and 2001 respectively.^[22] Santiago del Estero changed to a bicameral legislature in 1884, merely changed back to a unicameral organization in 1903.

Australia [edit]

When the Australian states were founded as British colonies in the 19th century, they each had a bicameral Parliament. The lower house was traditionally elected based on the one-vote-one-value principle, with universal male suffrage, later expanded to women, whereas the upper house was either appointed on the advice of the government or elected, with a strong bias towards country voters and landowners. Afterwards Federation, these became the state Parliaments. In Queensland, the appointed upper house was abolished in 1922, while in New South Wales there were like attempts at abolition, before the upper business firm was reformed in the 1970s to provide for straight election.^[23]

Beginning in the 1970s, Australian states began to reform their upper houses to introduce proportional representation in line with the Federal Senate. The outset was the South Australian Legislative Council in 1973, which initially used a party list arrangement (replaced with STV in 1982),^[24] followed by the Unmarried Transferable Vote existence introduced for the New South Wales Legislative Quango in 1978,^[25] the Western Australian Legislative Council in 1987^[26] and the Victorian Legislative Council in 2003.^[27]

Nowadays, the upper house both federally and in most states is elected using proportional representation while the lower firm uses Instant-runoff voting in single member electorates. This is reversed in the state of Tasmania, where proportional representation is used for the lower house and unmarried fellow member electorates for the upper business firm.^[28]

Bosnia and Herzegovina [edit]

The Legislature of the Federation of Republic of bosnia and herzegovina, one of the ii entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a bicameral legislative body. It consists of two chambers. The House of Representatives has 98 delegates, elected for four-year terms past proportional representation. The House of Peoples has 58 members, 17 delegates from among each of the elective peoples of the Federation, and 7 delegates from among the other peoples.^[29] Republika Srpska, the other entity, has a unicameral parliament, known as the National Associates,^[xxx] but there is too a Council of Peoples who is de facto other house of legislative.^[31]

Germany [edit]

The German federal state of Bavaria had a bicameral legislature from 1946 to 1999, when the Senate was abolished by a referendum amending the state's constitution. The other 15 states have used a unicameral system since their founding.

Republic of india [edit]

Of the 28 states and eight Union Territories of India, only half-dozen states that is Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh – take bicameral legislatures, while the rest all accept unicameral legislatures. The lower houses are chosen Legislative Assemblies, and their members are elected by universal adult suffrage from single-member constituencies in land elections, which are commonly held every five years called Vidhana Sabha. In the six states with bicameral legislatures, the upper house is chosen the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) or Vidhana Parishat, 1-third of whose members are elected every ii years. Members of Legislative Council are elected in various ways:

• One-third are elected past the members of local bodies in the state such as municipalities, gram panchayats, block development councils and district councils.
• I-third are elected by the members of the state's Legislative Assembly from amidst persons who are not members of the State Legislative Assembly.
• One-sixth are nominated by the governor of the state from amongst persons having cognition or practical experience in fields such as literature, science, arts, the branch movement and social service.
• One-twelfth are elected from special constituencies by persons who are college graduates of three years' standing residing in those constituencies.
• One-twelfth are elected by persons engaged for at least iii years in didactics in educational institutions within the state not lower than secondary schools, including colleges and universities.^[32]

From 1956 to 1958 the Andhra Pradesh Legislature was unicameral. In 1958, when the State Legislative Council was formed, it became bicameral until 1 June 1985 when it was abolished. This connected until March 2007 when the Land Legislative Council was reestablished and elections were held for its seats. In Tamil Nadu, a resolution was passed on 14 May 1986 and the state's Legislative Council was dissolved on ane November 1986. Again on 12 Apr 2010, a resolution was passed to reestablish the council, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Similarly, the states of Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and West Bengal have also dissolved the upper houses of their country legislatures.^{[ citation needed ]}

Russian federation [edit]

In the Soviet Wedlock, regional and local Soviets were unicameral. Subsequently the adoption of the 1993 Russian Constitution, bicameralism was introduced in some regions. Bicameral regional legislatures are still technically allowed by federal law but this clause is dormant at present. The final region to switch from bicameralism to unicameralism was Sverdlovsk Oblast in 2012.

United States [edit]

During the 1930s, the Legislature of the Land of Nebraska was reduced from bicameral to unicameral with the 43 members that in one case comprised that state's Senate. 1 of the arguments used to sell the idea at the time to Nebraska voters was that past adopting a unicameral organization, the perceived evils of the "briefing committee" process would be eliminated.

A conference commission is appointed when the two chambers cannot agree on the same wording of a proposal, and consists of a small number of legislators from each bedroom. This tends to identify much power in the easily of only a small number of legislators. Whatever legislation, if any, the briefing committee finalizes is presented in an unamendable "take-it-or-exit-it" manner by both chambers.

During his term every bit governor of the Country of Minnesota, Jesse Ventura proposed converting the Minnesotan legislature to a single chamber with proportional representation, as a reform that he felt would solve many legislative difficulties and impinge upon legislative corruption. In his book on political problems, Do I Stand Alone?, Ventura argued that bicameral legislatures for provincial and local areas were excessive and unnecessary, and discussed unicameralism equally a reform that could accost many legislative and budgetary issues for states.

Reform [edit]

Arab political reform [edit]

A 2005 report^[33] on democratic reform in the Arab world past the U.S. Council on Strange Relations co-sponsored past sometime Secretary of Country Madeleine Albright urged Arab states to adopt bicameralism, with upper chambers appointed on a 'specialized basis'. The Council claimed that this would protect confronting the 'Tyranny of the majority', expressing concerns that without a system of checks and balances extremists would use the single chamber parliaments to restrict the rights of minority groups.

In 2002, Bahrain adopted a bicameral system with an elected lower chamber and an appointed upper house. This led to a boycott of parliamentary elections that year by the Al Wefaq party, who said that the authorities would use the upper firm to veto their plans. Many secular critics of bicameralism were won around to its benefits in 2005, after many MPs in the lower house voted for the introduction of so-chosen morality police.

Romania [edit]

A referendum on introducing a unicameral Parliament instead of the current bicameral Parliament was held in Romania on 22 November 2009. The turnout rate was fifty.95%, with 77.78% of "Yes" votes for a unicameral Parliament.^[34] This referendum had a consultative role, thus requiring a parliamentary initiative and another plebiscite to ratify the new proposed changes.

Ivory coast [edit]

A referendum on a new constitution was held on 30 Oct 2016. The constitution draft would create a bicameral Parliament instead of the current unicameral. The Senate is expected to represent the interests of territorial collectivities and Ivoirians living away. Ii thirds of the Senate is to be elected at the aforementioned fourth dimension equally the general election. The remaining one tertiary is appointed by the president elect.^[35]

Examples [edit]

Current [edit]

 Nations with a bicameral legislature.

 Nations with a unicameral legislature.

 Nations with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body.

 Nations with no legislature.

 No data.

Federal [edit]

Country	Bicameral body		Notes
	Upper business firm	Lower house
Argentine republic	National Congress		Of the twenty-three provincial legislatures, eight (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Mendoza, Salta, San Luis, and Santa Fe) are bicameral, while the remaining fifteen and the legislature of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires are unicameral.
	Senate	Bedroom of Deputies
Australia	Parliament		All of the state parliaments except Queensland's are too bicameral. The legislatures of the NT and the Act are unicameral.
	Senate	Firm of Representatives
Austria	Parliament		All of the Bundesländer have unicameral parliaments.
	Bundesrat (Federal Council)	Nationalrat (National Council)
Belgium	Federal Parliament		All of the customs and regional parliaments are unicameral.
	Senate	Sleeping accommodation of Representatives
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Parliamentary Associates		The Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is besides bicameral, while the National Assembly of Republika Srpska is unicameral.
	House of Peoples	House of Representatives
Brazil	National Congress		All of the 26 land legislatures and the Federal District legislature are unicameral.
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Canada	Parliament		All of the provincial and territorial legislatures are unicameral.
	Senate	House of Commons
Ethiopia	Federal Parliamentary Associates		Regional Councils are unicameral. Assemblypersons of the Regional Councils are elected direct.
	Business firm of Federation	House of Peoples' Representatives
Germany	Northward/A		In Federal republic of germany, the chambers form two distinct constitutional bodies not framed past a comprehensive institution. German jurisprudence doesn't recognise the Bundesrat every bit a parliament chamber, because it consists of members of the state governments. Although it must always exist heard in the legislative process, it only has to give consent to bills in certain divers areas. All of the federal states (Länder) today take unicameral Landtage.
	Bundesrat (Federal Council)	Bundestag (Federal Diet)
India	Parliament		Six of the 20-8 states likewise have bicameral legislatures, consisting of the upper house, the Country Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) and the lower firm, the State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) respectively. The remaining twenty-two states and the spousal relationship territories of Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry have unicameral legislatures.
	Rajya Sabha (Council of States)	Lok Sabha (House of the People)
Malaysia	Parliament		All the 13 Country Legislative Assemblies are unicameral.
	Dewan Negara (Senate)	Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
United mexican states	Congress		All the 31 State Congresses and the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District are unicameral.
	Senate	Bedroom of Deputies
Nepal	Parliament		All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral.[36]
	Rastriya Sabha (National Associates)	Pratinidhi Sabha (Business firm of Representatives)
Nigeria	National Associates
	Senate	Firm of Representatives
Pakistan	Parliament		All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral.
	Senate	National Assembly
Russian federation	Federal Assembly		All the regional legislatures are now unicameral while bicameralism in regions is technically allowed by the Federation.
	Federation Quango	State Duma
Somalia	Parliament
	Senate	House of The People
Switzerland	Federal Assembly		All of the cantons have unicameral parliaments.
	Quango of States	National Council
United States	Congress		All of the state legislatures, except Nebraska, are also bicameral. The Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico is bicameral. The Council of the District of Columbia is unicameral.
	Senate	House of Representatives

Unitary [edit]

Country	Bicameral trunk		Notes
	Upper house	Lower house
Afghanistan	National Associates
	Meshrano Jirga (House of Elders)	Wolesi Jirga (Business firm of the People)
Algeria	Parliament
	Council of the Nation	People'southward National Assembly
Antigua and Barbuda	Parliament
	Senate	Business firm of Representatives
Commonwealth of the bahamas	Parliament
	Senate	House of Assembly
Bahrain	National Assembly
	Consultative Council	Quango of Representatives
Barbados	Parliament
	Senate	Firm of Assembly
Belarus	National Assembly
	Council	House of Representatives
Belize	National Assembly
	Senate	House of Representatives
Bhutan	Parliament
	National Council	National Assembly
Bolivia	Plurinational Legislative Assembly
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Burundi	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Cambodia	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Republic of cameroon	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Central African Republic	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Chile	National Congress
	Senate	Bedchamber of Deputies
Colombia	Congress
	Senate	Sleeping room of Representatives
Czech Republic	Parliament
	Senate	Bedchamber of Deputies
DR Congo	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Congo	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Dominican Republic	Congress
	Senate	Bedchamber of Deputies
Equatorial Republic of guinea	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Eswatini	Parliament
	Senate	House of Assembly
France	Parliament in the Fifth France		All Regional Councils are unicameral. The regional councillors are elected straight.
	Senate	National Assembly
Gabon	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Grenada	Parliament
	Senate	House of Representatives
Haiti	Parliament
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Indonesia	People'southward Consultative Associates		All of the provinces accept unicameral parliaments.
	Regional Representative Council	People's Representative Council
Ireland	Oireachtas		A 2013 proposal to abolish the Seanad was defeated at referendum.
	Seanad Éireann (Senate of Ireland)	Dáil Éireann (Assembly of Ireland)
Italian republic	Parliament		Both houses possess the same powers. The executive is responsible to both houses. All of the regional councils are unicameral.
	Senate of the Republic	Sleeping room of Deputies
Republic of cote d'ivoire	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Jamaica	Parliament
	Senate	Business firm of Representatives
Japan	National Nutrition
	House of Councillors	Firm of Representatives
Jordan	Parliament
	Senate	Business firm of Representatives
Kazakhstan	Parliament
	Senate	Majilis (Assembly of People)
Republic of kenya	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Kingdom of lesotho	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Republic of liberia	Legislature
	Senate	Firm of Representatives
Madagascar	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly
Kingdom of morocco	Parliament
	House of Councillors	Business firm of Representatives
Myanmar	Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (Assembly of the Union)		All the 14 Land and Region Hluttaw (Assemblies) are unicameral.
	Amyotha Hluttaw (House of Nationalities)	Pyithu Hluttaw (House of Representatives)
Namibia	Parliament
	National Council	National Assembly
Netherlands	States General
	Eerste Kamer	Tweede Kamer
Oman	Parliament
	Majlis al-Dawla (Council of State)	Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Assembly)
Palau	National Congress
	Senate	Firm of Delegates
Paraguay	Congress
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Philippines	Congress		The Bangsamoro Parliament of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and all Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Council), Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council), and Sangguiniang Bayan (Municipal Council) are unicameral.
	Senate	House of Representatives
Poland	National Assembly		All of the voivodeship sejmiks are unicameral.
	Senate	Sejm (Diet)
Romania	Parliament
	Senate	Sleeping accommodation of Deputies
Rwanda	Parliament
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Saint Lucia	Parliament
	Senate	House of Assembly
Slovenia	Parliament		In 2008, the Ramble Court of Slovenia recognized the Slovenian Parliament equally incompletely bicameral.
	National Quango	National Assembly
Somaliland	Parliament		Each business firm has 82 members. The constitution of Somaliland does not clarify how members of the elders house are elected. But the members of the house of representative are elected once every five years.
	House of Elders	Firm of Representatives
South Africa	Parliament		All of the provincial legislatures are unicameral.
	National Council of Provinces	National Assembly
Espana	Cortes Generales		A fixed number of 208 members of the Senate are elected past citizens, a variable number (currently 57) are appointed by the autonomous regions. Congress of Deputies tin can override a negative vote of the Senate on a beak with an absolute majority affirmative vote. Moreover, each Castilian autonomous region has its own unicameral regional parliament, with broad-ranging legislative powers on their own.
	Senate	Congress of Deputies
Tajikistan	Supreme Associates
	National Associates	Associates of Representatives
Thailand	National Associates
	Senate	House of Representatives
Trinidad and Tobago	Parliament		The Tobago House of Assembly in the island of Tobago is unicameral.
	Senate	House of Representatives
Turkmenistan	National Quango
	People's Council	Assembly
Britain	Parliament		Scotland, Wales and Northern Republic of ireland have devolved unicameral legislatures, each with a varying range of powers.
	House of Lords	House of Commons
Uruguay	Full general Assembly
	Senate	Chamber of Representatives
Uzbekistan	Oliy Majlis
	Senate	Legislative Chamber
Yemen	Parliament
	Shura Council	Business firm of Representatives
Zimbabwe	Parliament
	Senate	National Assembly of Republic of zimbabwe

Historical [edit]

Denmark	Rigsdagen		Nether the 1849 constitution Rigsdagen was created, with two houses, an upper and a lower house. However, after the 1953 referendum, both Rigsdagen and the Landsting was abolished, making the Folketing the sole chamber of the parliament.
	Landsting (Upper firm)	Folketing (Lower business firm)
Greece	Parliament of the Hellenes		The Senate as an upper chamber was established by the Greek Constitution of 1844, of the Kingdom of Greece, and was abolished past the Greek Constitution of 1864. The Senate was reestabished by the republican Constitution of 1927, which establishing the Second Hellenic Republic and was disestablished by the restoration of the Kingdom of Greece at 1935.
	Gerousia (Senate)	Vouli (Chamber of Deputies)
Korea, Due south	National Associates		Under the first constitution (start democracy, 1948–52), the National Assembly was unicameral. The 2nd and third constitutions (starting time commonwealth, 1952–sixty) regulated the National Associates was bicameral and consisted of the House of Commons and the Senate, just only the Firm of Commons was established and the House of Commons could not laissez passer a beak to establish the Senate. During the short-lived second democracy (1960–61), the National Assembly became practically bicameral, merely information technology was overturned by the May 16 coup. The National Associates has been unicameral since its reopen in 1963.
	Senate	House of Commons
New Zealand	Parliament		Until 1950, the New Zealand Parliament was bicameral. Information technology became unicameral in 1951, post-obit the abolition of the Legislative Council, leaving the Business firm of Representatives as the sole parliamentary chamber.
	Legislative Quango	Business firm of Representatives
Peru	Congress		The 1979 Constitution, which marked the return to democracy, followed the trend of previous constitutions past retaining a bicameral legislature. However it was dissolved altogether by President Alberto Fujimori by his 1992 autocoup. Subsequently, under the newer 1993 constitution, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral Congress of the Republic.
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Portugal	Cortes		During the period of Constitutional Monarchy, the Portuguese Parliament was bicameral. The lower house was the Bedchamber of Deputies and the upper business firm was the Chamber of Peers (except during the 1838–1842 catamenia, where a Senate existed instead). With the replacement of the Monarchy by the Republic in 1910, the Parliament continued to be bicameral with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate existing until 1926.
	Chamber of Peers	Sleeping room of Deputies
Soviet Union	Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Marriage		The Congress of People'south Deputies superseded the Supreme Soviet. The Soviet of the Republics briefly succeeded the Soviet of Nationalities in belatedly 1991.
	Soviet of Nationalities	Soviet of the Matrimony
Sweden	Riksdagen		Until 1970, the Swedish Riksdag was bicameral. Information technology became unicameral in 1971, but retained the proper name Riksdag.
	Första kammaren (Upper house)	Andra kammaren (Lower firm)
Yugoslavia	Federal Assembly		Betwixt 1974 and 1992.
	Bedchamber of Republics	Federal Chamber
Turkey	Parliament		Information technology was established with the Turkish constitution of 1961 and abolished with the Turkish constitution of 1982, although information technology did non exist between 1980 and 1982 either as a result of the 1980 coup d'état in Turkey.
	Senate of the Republic	National Assembly
Venezuela	Congress		Under the 1999 constitution, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral National Assembly of Venezuela.
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
Fiji	Parliament		Original bicameral system suspended by 2006 insurrection. 2013 Constitution of Fiji abolished it and replaced it with a single sleeping accommodation Parliament.
	Senate	House of Representatives
Mauritania	Parliament		Under the 2017 Referendum, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral organization.
	Senate	National Assembly
Iran	Parliament		Between 1950 and 1979
	Senate	National Assembly
Republic of croatia	Parliament		Between 1990 and 2001
	Chamber of Counties	Chamber of Representatives
Democracy of Vietnam	Parliament		Between 1955 and 1975
	Senate	National Assembly
Czechoslovakia	National Associates		Betwixt 1920 and 1939
	Senate	Chamber of Deputies
	Federal Assembly		Under the Ramble Human action on the Czechoslovak Federation, the Federal Associates replaced the unicameral National Assembly in 1969. Its two constituent republics, the Czech (Socialist) Republic and the Slovak (Socialist) Republic, had unicameral legislatures (Czech National Council and Slovak National Council). When Czechoslovakia was dissolved at the start of 1993, the Federal Assembly was disbanded. The Czech Republic established their upper house, the Senate, in December 1992.
	Chamber of Nations	Chamber of People

See also [edit]

• List of abolished upper houses
• Tricameralism

References [edit]

1. ^ "IPU PARLINE database: Structure of parliaments". world wide web.ipu.org . Retrieved 25 Oct 2015.
2. ^ Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003). Reforming parliamentary republic. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. ISBN9780773525085.
3. ^ Julian Get (2007). "A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000". In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.). Constitutionalism and political reconstruction. Brill. pp. 92–94. ISBN978-9004151741.
4. ^ "How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World". University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
5. ^ ^{a b c} "The Constitutional Background – Business firm of Representatives archives". Archived from the original on thirty July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
6. ^ (in French) Liberation.fr, Sénat, le triomphe de l'anomalie
7. ^ ^{a b} "Affiliate 21: Relations with the Firm of Representatives". Odgers' Australian Senate Practice (14th ed.). Parliament of Commonwealth of australia. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
8. ^ Jones, Clyve (2014). "Accommodation in the Painted Bedchamber for Conferences between the Lords and the Commons from 1600 to 1834". Parliamentary History. 33 (2): 342–357. doi:10.1111/1750-0206.12100. ISSN 0264-2824.
9. ^ Blayden 2017 p.6; "Costless Conference—Municipal Corporations' Act Amendment (, )". Hansard. 11 August 1836. HC Deb vol 35 cc1125–7. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
10. ^ Blayden 2017 p.vi; "Managers for the Complimentary Briefing, on the Bill to forbid Commerce with Spain". House of Lords Journal. British History Online. 22–24 April 1740. Book 25, pp.518–526. Retrieved xix February 2018.
11. ^ ^{a b} Blayden, Lynsey (September 2017). "Exercise free conferences have a place in the nowadays-mean solar day NSW Parliament?" (PDF). Australasian Study of Parliament Grouping. Retrieved xix February 2018.
12. ^ Crump, Rick (Bound 2007). "Why the conference process remains the preferred method for resolving disputes between the 2 houses of the South Australian Parliament". Australasian Parliamentary Review. 22 (2): 120–136. CiteSeerX10.1.1.611.7131.
13. ^ "Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives". aec.gov.au. 31 Baronial 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
14. ^ "Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate". 1999. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
15. ^ According to the Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfGE 37, 363, Aktenzeichen ii BvF 2, 3/73
16. ^ European Union Politics, John McCormick, 3rd Edition
17. ^ How practice you get a Member of the House of Lords? – UK Parliament. Parliament.great britain (21 April 2010). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
18. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2019. Retrieved x September 2019. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
19. ^ http://www.carlofusaro.it/in_english/Bicameralism_in_ITA_2013.pdf^{[ bare URL PDF ]}
20. ^ "Italian ramble reforms: Towards a stable and efficient government". ConstitutionNet.
21. ^ "Minerva". Minerva.
22. ^ Malamud, Andrés and Martín Costanzo (2010) "Bicameralismo subnacional: el caso argentino en perspectiva comparada". In: Igor Vivero Ávila (ed.), Democracia y reformas políticas en México y América Latina (pp. 219–246). United mexican states: K. A. Porrúa.
23. ^ "Commonwealth of australia'south Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 Apr 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
24. ^ Dunstan, Don (1981). Felicia: The political memoirs of Don Dunstan. Griffin Press Limited. pp. 214–215. ISBN0-333-33815-iv.
25. ^ "Function and History of the Legislative Assembly". Parliament of New S Wales. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
26. ^ Electoral Reform expected to change balance of power, The Australian, 11 June 1987, p.5
27. ^ Constitution (Parliamentary Reform) Act 2003
28. ^ Griffith, Gareth; Srinivasan, Sharath (2001). Country Upper Houses in Australia (PDF). New South Wales Parliamentary Library Service.
29. ^ Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
30. ^ "About National Assembly – NSRS". www.narodnaskupstinars.internet. 28 January 2015.
31. ^ "Home page". vijecenarodars.net (in Serbian).
32. ^ Article 171, Clause iii of the Constitution of Republic of india(1950)
33. ^ "2005 report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2008.
34. ^ Referendum turnout 50.95%. 77.78 said YES for a unicameral Parliament, 88.84% voted for the decrease in the number of Parliamentarians Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Auto, Official results from the Romanian Central Electoral Commission
35. ^ "Innovations of the Typhoon Constitution of Cote d'Ivoire: Towards hyper-presidentialism?". ConstitutionNet.
36. ^ "Constitution of Nepal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 Dec 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2016.

Farther reading [edit]

• Aroney, Nicholas (2008). "Four Reasons for an Upper House: Representative Democracy, Public Deliberation, Legislative Outputs and Executive Accountability". Adelaide Law Review. 29 . Retrieved 21 Feb 2021.

External links [edit]

• Noncontemporaneous Lawmaking: Tin the 110th Senate Enact a Neb Passed by the 109th Business firm?, sixteen Cornell J.50. & Pub. Pol'y 331 (2007).
• Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl, Confronting Mix-and-Match Lawmaking, 16 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 349 (2007).
• Defending the (Not So) Indefensible: A Reply to Professor Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl, 16 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Politician'y 363 (2007).

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism

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